Чтение: задание 11

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1. of South China in the Middle Triassic Period

2. when they first saw

3. seen at the base of reptiles

4. or its unborn baby

5. one of many astonishingly well-preserved specimens

6. where the mother has a placenta to nourish the developing embryo

7. determined the sex of its babies genetically

Head of The University of Queensland’s School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and co-author Professor Jonathan Aitchison said the fossil unexpectedly provided the first evidence for live birth in an animal group previously thought to exclusively lay eggs. “Live birth is well known in mammals, A _______________,“ Professor Aitchison said. “Live birth is also very common among lizards and snakes, where the babies sometimes ‘hatch’ inside their mother and emerge without a shelled egg.”

Until recently it was thought the third major group of living land vertebrates, the crocodiles and birds only laid eggs. “Indeed, egg-laying is the primitive state, В_______________, and in their ancestors such as amphibians and fishes,” Professor Aitchison said. He said the new fossil was an unusual, long-necked marine animal called an archosauromorph that flourished in shallow seas C_______________.

The creature was a fish-eater, snaking its long neck from side to side to snatch its prey. Its fossil was D _______________from new “Luoping biota” locations in south-western China. There were no known fossils like this (marine vertebrates of this age) from Australia. Lead author Professor Jun Liu from Hefei University of Technology China, said the researchers were ‘excited’ E________________this embryonic specimen.

“We were not sure if the embryonic specimen was the mother’s last lunch F_________________,” Professor Liu said. “Upon further preparation and closer inspection, we discovered something unusual.” He said the embryo was inside the mother’s rib cage, and it faced forward; swallowed animals generally face backward because the predator swallows its prey head-first to help it to go down its throat. Furthermore, the small reptile inside the mother was an example of the same species.

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1. and finally measure them.

2. since it was heard 3,000 miles away.

3. and they have been able to put many of these discoveries to practical use.

4. that loud sound is of high intensity.

5. as they study mechanical forces.

6. as a painful sensation in the ear.

7. that the unaided human ear can detect.

1. The science of sound, or acoustics, as it is often called, has been made over radically within a comparatively short space of time. Not so long ago the lectures on sound in colleges and high schools dealt chiefly with the vibrations of such things as the air columns in organ pipes. Nowadays, however, thanks chiefly to a number of electronic instruments engineers can study sounds as effectively A ___ .

2. The result has been a new approach to research in sound. Scientists have been able to make far-reaching discoveries in many fields of acoustics В ___ .

3. Foremost among the instruments that have revolutionized the study of acoustics are electronic sound-level meters also known as sound meters and sound-intensity meters. These are effective devices that first convert sound waves into weak electric signals, then amplify the signals through electronic means С ___ .

4. The intensity of a sound is measured in units called decibels. "Zero" sound is the faintest sound D ___.

5. The decibel measures the ratio of the intensity of a given sound to the standard "zero" sound. The decibel scale ranges from 0 to 130. An intensity of 130 decibels is perceived not only as a sound, but also E ___ . The normal range of painlessly audible sounds for the average human ear is about 120 decibels. For forms of life other than ourselves, the range can be quite different.

6.The ordinary sound meter measures the intensity of a given sound, rather than its actual loudness. Under most conditions, however, it is a quite good indicator of loudness. Probably the loudest known noise ever heard by human ears was that of the explosive eruption in August, 1883, of the volcano of Krakatoa in the East Indies. No electronic sound meters, of course, were in existence then, but physicists estimate that the sound at its source must have had an intensity of 190 decibels, F ___ .

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1. the chocolate consumed today is made

2. that chocolate, eaten in moderation

3. central and southern America for

4. of the world's most popular flavours

5. hand contains no cocoa solids and

6. cacao seeds are intensely bitter and have

7. many countries worldwide at

Chocolate is made from a number of raw and processed foods produced from the seeds of tropical cacao trees. Cacao has been cultivated in A ___ last 3000 years.

For most of this time it was made into a drink called, in translation — "bitter water". This is because В ___ to be fermented to develop a palatable flavour. After fermentation the beans are dried and roasted and the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs. These are then ground and liquefied into chocolate liquor.

The liquor is then processed into cocoa solids or cocoa butter. Pure chocolate contains primarily cocoa solids and butter in different proportions. Much of С ___ with added sugar.

Milk chocolate is sweetened chocolate that additionally contains either milk powder or condensed milk. White chocolate on the other D ___ is therefore not a true chocolate.

Chocolate contains theobromine and phenethylamine which have physiological effects on the body. It is similar to serotonin levels in the brain. Scientists claim E ___ , can lower blood pressure. Recently, dark chocolate has also been promoted for its health benefits.

But pet owners should remember that the presence of theobromine makes it toxic to cats and dogs. Chocolate is now one F ___ , although 16 of the top 20 chocolate consuming countries are in Europe. Also interesting is that 66% of world chocolate is consumed between meals.

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1. where signatures are conveyed digitally

2. when it comes to writing

3. about a dozen more are debating the issue

4. how handwriting makes them a better reader and writer

5. who also have won state titles in the contest

6. or won’t be able to read original documents written in cursive

7. and continues through eighth grade

St Anne’s Academy is a little old-fashioned. The teachers are nuns in habits who write on blackboards with chalk. The Mass is all in Latin. And the writing is in cursive. At St Anne’s, cursive instruction starts in second grade A______________________. Homework has to be done in cursive, and neatness counts. That’s probably why the little elementary and high school, with a total of 48 students, produces cursive champions such as Jack Lieberherr. Jack, a 15-year-old from North St Paul, was recently named the 2017 grand national champion for eighth-graders in the National Handwriting Contest. Writing, it seems, runs in Jack’s family. Jack also won the national championship as a sixth-grader and has several state handwriting titles as well. He has a brother and two sisters В__________

Careful cursive is quickly disappearing in an age C ___________________________. Nowadays handwritten letters are a rarity and communication is dominated by keyboards, texting and touch screens. But the teachers at St Anne’s are old-school D_____________________________. And for good reasons, they say that it shows education. Cursive advocates worry that we’re raising a generation of young adults who won’t know how to sign their own names E__________________________. Four years ago, the Campaign for Cursive, a committee of the American Handwriting Analysis Foundation, started a Cursive Is Cool contest. The contest requires the students to write “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” (which contains all the letters in the alphabet). Students then add a few sentences in their own words about F_____________________________. The national winners are selected based on things such as size, shape, spacing and slant of the letters.

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1. according to a sumptuary law in 17^th-century England

2. royal garments were often repurposed

3. it is a rare fashion find

4. as it was aimed at

5. to that of the dress worn

6. one of Elizabeth’s ladies-in-waiting

7. the fabric will go

Experts at the Historical Royal Palaces have found the ‘Mona Lisa of fashion’: fabric used in a skirt once worn by Queen Elizabeth I. As the only known surviving piece of her clothing, A____________, and researchers took more than a year to determine its royal provenance. The evidence is persuasive. The material is similar В______________by the queen in a 1602 painting known as the Rainbow Portrait; the skirt itself is obscured by a robe. The fabric features elaborate embroidery of flowers and animals and is woven with silver strands — which, C_______________, could be worn only by high-ranking royals. In addition, the material was discovered (in the form of an altar cloth) at St Faith’s Church in Bacton, Herefordshire, where Blanche Parry, D_____________, was a parishioner.

Elizabeth, who reigned from 1558 to 1603, was known for her expensive gowns. It is estimated that the fabric in question would have cost the same as three years of a laborer’s wages. Given their high value, E____________________, which might explain how the fabric became an altar cloth. The material — which measures more than 79 by 39 inches (201 by 99 cm) — will now undergo a lengthy restoration to undo a crude alteration. Once that work has been completed, F___________on display at Hampton Court Palace in Greater London.

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1. may be interrupted several times

2. to advertise their goods

3. are owned by big corporations

4. the required number of empty cartons

5. the greater is the profit of the firm

6. is considered to be boring

7. makes them believe in luck

There is a lot of advertising on TV and radio. Some of the TV and radio stations A_ _______ or individuals. The owners can advertise whatever they choose. В_ ________ commercial firms buy TV and radio time. So most of the radio and TV time is taken up by advertisements The firms also sponsor shows and programs that make people buy their goods. For instance, to attend a show or to take part in a quiz program you may have to send to the studio C_____, boxes or wrappings (depending on what product the sponsoring firm is selling). People are attracted by such programs not only because they provide entertainment. A valuable prize is usually promised for the correct answer to the main question, such as a video or radio cassette- recorder or a stereo music centre and speakers. People are very optimistic. Their optimism D_____and buy things which they may not need at all. The sponsoring firm makes a great profit on such programs. The more people attend the show, E_______.

Advertising promotes business and benefits businessman but often annoys the general public. The play you are watching on TV, F_______ by an appeal to use a new perfume or detergent, or drink a certain beer. Though modem people are used to everything being advertised, watching such programs gives one a headache instead of providing relaxation.

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1. as China was the birthplace of porcelain

2. within the fired body at these high

3. the term porcelain lacks a universal definition

4. generally including clay in the form of kaolin

5. it can be difficult to distinguish between stoneware and porcelain

6. because of its resemblance to the translucent surface

7. to chemical attack and thermal shock

Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating materials, A_________, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 °C (2,200 and 2,600°F). The toughness, strength, and translucence of porcelain arises mainly from the formation of glass and the mineral mullet В__________________temperatures.

Porcelain derives its present name from the old Italian porcellana (cowrie shell) C______________of the shell. Porcelain can informally be referred to as “china” or “fine china” in some English-speaking countries, D____________making. Properties associated with porcelain include low permeability and elasticity; considerable strength, hardness, toughness, whiteness, translucency and resonance; and a high resistance E______________.

For the purposes of trade, the Combined Nomenclature of the European Communities defines porcelain as being “completely vitrified, hard, impermeable (even before glazing), white or artificially coloured, translucent (except when of considerable thickness), and resonant.” However, F_____________and has “been applied in a very unsystematic fashion to substances of diverse kinds which have only certain surface- qualities in common” (Burton 1906).

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1. by each region’s polar front jet stream

2. temperatures rose to just above freezing

3. waves develop in the polar front jet stream

4. leading to record-low sea ice coverage

5. the strength of each cold area

6. by weather systems farther south

7. and as the region slips into greater and greater seasonal darkness

In the Arctic, the sea ice melt-off peaks in September A___________ and temperatures fall, sea ice begins to reform. In 2016, however, temperature conditions have been slow to follow this pattern. Instead, near-surface air temperatures in the Arctic have remained warmer than normal throughout Oclober and early November, В_______________ that lags behind the 1981—2010 average extent by almost 2 million square km (roughly 772,000 square miles) for the period.

Cold air at both the top and the bottom of the world is separated from warmer equatorward air C ___________an eastward-moving belt of strong stratospheric winds that separates warm tropical air from cold polar air in the midlatitudes. D______ , or polar vortex, varies with the season, but it is strongest during the winter season in each hemisphere, when the temperature contrast between the pole and the Equator is greatest. In the Northern Hemisphere this week, the presence of a very strong low- pressure system in the North Pacific Ocean has pushed the polar vortex off the Arctic Ocean and into Siberia. Above 80° North latitude, E__________________, some 20 °C (36 °F) above normal on November 15, while temperatures on November 15 over parts of Siberia sank to -40” (which are, coincidentally, equivalent measures on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales). The polar vortex is typically strong enough to hold its own against most incursions F_______________, but its strength relies on a steep temperature gradienfacross the polar front jet stream — the wall of air separating the polar vortex’s interior from the outside.

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1. not like to spend our time

2. that it's probably not quite

3. that particular day turned

4. our real shopping in

5. sometimes go shopping for real

6. anything you want and there is

7. but when we are together

The day would be spent with my best friends Kath and Kate. We are actually three Catherines (by birth spelt with а С), A ___ we are all K's: Kat (that's me), Kath and Kate — the 3K Window Shopping gang! Window shopping is simply wonderful. You can look at any outfit. You can try on В ___ not a single item on sale for which the price is a problem. You will try something on, ponder, pout, twirl, think hard, check yourself in the mirror one last time and finally reflect С ___ right for you! The highlight of this regular adventure however, is generally the 3K chocolate and ice cream break in the Shopping Centre's top floor cafii Of course we do not believe that we are wasting anyone's time. We do D ___ as well, but a reliable equation for us is — 3Ks + shopping mall = a good time. But E ___ out to be especially memorable. One of the stores had a questionnaire lottery with the first prize being a voucher worth £ 200. We filled in the question forms while in the caffiand returned to the store by their 2.00 pm deadline. Kate won the first prize but we had decided in advance that if any of us won something, we would share equally: All for one К and one for all! At this point our morning of window shopping paid off. We completed F ___ slightly less than 10 minutes: three skirts, three hats and three belts and three very OK, K's.

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1. some three-quarters of the cheetah’s natural habitat

2. are needed to protect the species

3. with the vast majority of them dying

4. the study cites an alarmingly low population estimate of only 7,100 cheetahs

5. threatened with extinction

6. remaining in the wild live in Africa

7. such as providing incentives to communities to protect

According to a new study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, cheetahs are heading toward extinction, and different conservation efforts A_____________.

While acknowledging the difficulty in gathering data because of the cheetah’s tendency to travel over vast amounts of territory, В________________remaining worldwide, with most found in six African countries. The Asian population has been nearly eliminated, with fewer than 50 cheetahs estimated to live in Iran.

Since cheetahs roam widely, C______________is not contained in reserves or other protected areas. This has led to an increasing number of clashes with humans as they encroach on the cheetah’s historical territorial range. Because of this, the study’s authors recommend expanding conservation efforts beyond just setting aside protected areas, D_________________the species. Another problem is the demand for cheetah cubs as exotic pets in some Middle Eastern countries. This has led to the illegal trafficking of cheetah cubs, E______________________in transit.

Currently, the cheetah is classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, an assessment system for classifying the status of plants, animals, and other organisms F_________________. The study recommends that the cheetah’s status be elevated from vulnerable to endangered.