Чтение: задание 10

1. Understanding the architecture

2. The restoration of the city

3. A difficult choice

4. A multisided person

5. A very strong building

6. A very long construction

7. The last shelter of the architect

8. An intellectual pastime

A. “Architecture aims at Eternity,” said the great British architect Sir Christopher Wren. This may appear a rather arrogant statement today, but in Wren’s case we can forgive such feelings. His great buildings still look beautiful and majestic. His greatest masterpiece, St Paul’s cathedral in London, is a fundamental part of the London skyline. Because it survived the bombing raids during the World War II, it has come to be a symbol of strength and hope.

B. Wren was not only an architect. He was interested in everything and was a great man of science, or natural philosophy as it was known in the 17th century. In fact, he came relatively late to architecture. When he was still a teenager, he began doing his own scientific experiments. For example, he made models of the solar system and of how muscles work. When he was a student at Oxford University, he did experiments in anatomy and made detailed drawings of the human brain.

C. Wren was a friend of the other great scientists of the day and was a founding member of the Royal Society. Wren once organized a competition for his friends to see which of them could prove that the force that keeps the planets in their orbit decreases as an inverse square of the distance from the sun. They didn’t succeed. Three years later, Newton published his proof together with his Law of Universal Gravitation.

D. Wren was interested in everything in the world around him, including, naturally, architecture. He had read “On Architecture” by the Roman writer Vitruvius and later visited Rome, where he was very impressed by the magnificent buildings. Wren had very clear ideas about the purpose of architecture. It was about beauty, elegance and power. At the same time, it was about mathematics and geometry, and providing simple solutions to complex engineering problems.

E. In 1664, Wren was asked to design the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford. A year later, he designed a chapel for Pembroke College, Cambridge. In 1666, most of London was destroyed in the Great Fire. Now was the time for a great architect to come forward and rebuild the city in a grand style that was suitable for the English capital. Wren produced detailed plans. He replaced the old, winding streets with a geometrical plan of the street. The plan was never approved. However, it did influence on other architects, especially in America.

F. The building of St Paul’s Cathedral took 35 years to complete. The large dome of it is still a prominent feature of the London skyline. The design and construction of the dome shows clearly how Wren wanted to provide a simple, beautiful solution to a difficult engineering problem. Architecture writer Harry Mount comments, “Wren used all his engineering skill to create something beautiful that hid the complex structures that supported it.”

G. St Paul’s is Wren’s greatest work. So it seems appropriate that Wren is buried in the cathedral that he created. The epitaph on the tomb stone is written in Latin. In English, it translates as, “Here lies buried Christopher Wren, the builder of this church and city; who lived beyond the age of ninety years, not for himself, but for the public good. If you want to see his memorial, look around you.”

1. Not for children

2. Benefits for poor countries

3. Illegal and unsafe

4. Small size - great role

5. One is not enough

6. Don't speak - text

7. Spreading wider - weighing lighter

8. One device - many functions

A. A mobile phone (also known as a cell phone) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls while moving around. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. In addition to telephony, modem mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, Bluetooth, business applications, gaming and photography.

B. The first hand-held mobile phone was demonstrated by Dr. Martin Cooper ol Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 1 kg. In 1983, the first commercial cell phone was released. In the twenty years from 1990 to 2010, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 4.6 billion. It got to the developing countries and reached the poorest citizens. The devices themselves have also become smaller and much lighter.

C. The most commonly used data application on mobile phones is SMS text messaging. The first SMS text message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first person-to-person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993.The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2000. Mobile news services are expanding with many organizations providing «оп-demand» news services by SMS.

D. Mobile phones need a small microchip called a Subscriber Identity Module, or SIM card, to function. The SIM card is approximately the size of a small postage stamp and is usually placed underneath the battery in the rear of the unit. The SIM card does not only store data like telephone numbers but also allows users to change phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into another mobile phone or broadband telephony device.

E. Mobile phones are used for keeping in touch with family members, conducting business, and having access to a telephone in an emergency. Some people carry more than one cell phone for different purposes, such as for business and personal use. Multiple SIM cards may also be used to take advantage of the benefits of different calling plans - a particular plan might provide cheaper local calls, long-distance calls, international calls, or roaming.

F. Mobile phones have spread more quickly than any other technology and can improve the life of the poorest people in developing countries. They provide access to information in places where landlines or the Internet are not available. In Africa, people travel from village to village to let friends and relatives know about weddings and births. They need not do this if the villages are within coverage. Mobile phones are recharged using a solar panel or motorcycle battery.

G. Mobile phone use while driving is common but dangerous, as it increases the risk of accident. Many countries prohibit it. Some schools also limit or restrict the use of mobile phones because cell phones are used for cheating on tests, harassment and bullying, causing threats to the school's security. Many mobile phones are banned in school locker room facilities, public restrooms and swimming pools due to the built-in cameras that most phones now have.

1. Women doing men’s jobs

2. Holidays - the best time to visit

3. Ideal to grow a man

4. A costume for a mythic sea creature

5. The best profession for a lady

6. A festival to a season

7. Words for all times

8. Best clothes for burial

A. Mary is a professional dress-maker specializing in exotic costumes. She devotes many hours to crafting mermaid tails and hand-made tops. Her professional mermaid costume includes a tail and a top. A tail is made of the finest silicone that bends naturally with movement and looks beautifully on film and in print. Out of the depths of the water her costume shines with hundreds ot pearls, crystals, and gemstones.

B. Today’s well-educated person uses about 18,000 words. Shakespeare, whose plays written for a small theatre are now performed in more countries than ever before, used over 34,000 different words, thousands of which he made up. For example: accessible, roadway, schoolboy, and watchdog. Many of his phrases have fallen into everyday use in our language today, including, “A horse, a horse! My kingdom for a horse!’’ by Richard III.

C. The Celtic division of the year was into two parts. The winter half was considered the beginning of the year, and the summer half the second part. There were two further subdivisions. so the year was finally divided into the standard four seasons. At each of these four stages, a Fire Festival was celebrated. It involved religious ceremonies, music, storytelling, and poetry. These great festivals were regarded to be the best time.

D. As symbols of respect and courage, knights turned out to be an intriguing mix of all the things that made males the best, as their education included the most effective sorts of exercises for the brain and the human body. Knight tournaments were a good way for the knights to try out the actual travails of fighting and never having to go through the pain and troubles of having to look after themselves, and of their kingdoms.

E. Were there any women pirates in Renaissance England? They were in the minority, but they were never the less there and very able. Lady Mary was a daughter of a pirate and married to a pirate. When her husband died, she recruited her castle staff and went to sea herself. Her luck ran out when she captured a German captain, who was a friend of Queen Elizabeth. So Lady Mary quit piracy ... and started selling stolen goods.

F. Russia is an amazing holiday destination. It should be visited during the festival season, as it reveals the rich cultural tradition and fascinating customs of its people. While the festivals come from the Christian legacy Russia shares with Europe and America, the manner of celebration is unique. Enthusiastic travelers suggest planning a Russian holiday during the festival time and to be sure that the memories will last a lifetime!

G. Normally very fine textiles are found in graves. Obviously, the quality of clothing worn in the Middle Ages would reduce with lower ranks, but even the slaves did not wear cloth as rough as people thought in the past and some still do today. Slaves would probably wear their master’s clothes, which may have been very thin in places and not decorated. They would usually receive the underclothes to be worn as overclothes.

1. Musical performance

2. Attractive landscape

3. Perfect holidays

4. Portrait of a girl

5. Film for all ages

6. Exciting hobby

7. Colourful festival

8. Interesting book

A. This is a full-length (ninety minutes) cartoon, which is entertaining for both adults and children over six. The animation and colour are of very high quality and the story has lots of fun and excitement. The plot is quick moving and full of surprises. There’s romance, action, comedy, music and lots of fantastic songs and dances.

B. This is a full-blooded magnificently written portrait of history’s most fascinating woman. Readers will lose themselves for hours in this richly entertaining novel full of dramatic twists and turns. From the spectacular era that bears her name comes the spellbinding story of Elizabeth I – her tragic childhood, her confrontation with Mary, Queen of Scots and her brilliant reign.

C. The young woman is shown in a “shepherdess” hat and white dress, recalling a classical chiton. The background landscape, common in such paintings, seem to indicate the heroine’s closeness to nature, to the ordinary joys of life. The painter’s colour range – at times as translucent as porcelain, at others muted like mother -of- pearl – is based upon subtle plays of gray and green, light blue and pink.

D. In this picture one is struck by the artist's absolute mastery in portraying natural details, whether the dry, sandy soil of the forest, the clear stream of water in the foreground, the yellow bark and fluffy needles of the pines, or the sense of a bright, clear, calm summer day. The artist managed to create an image familiar to anyone who has seen a Russian forest.

E. Have a good time on the most lively and exciting island in the Caribbean. Relax under a palm tree on the white sandy beaches. Swim in the clear, blue sea. Listen to the bands playing Calypso music. Or get really adventurous and go scuba diving for sunken treasure on the sea bed. Join in the many cultural celebrations we offer, for example the sugar harvest festival.

F. This event is considered the greatest attraction for visitors to the Isle of Man. No definite date can be given, but it is normally held between 5th and 15th July. The Pageant begins at about 8 p.m. First we are given a glimpse of village life in Celtic times. Then suddenly Viking long ships appear and then there are scenes of war. Then Celts and Vikings unite, and the Manx nation is born. The actual Pageant is followed by a grand torchlight procession and firework display.

G. Do you like Latin American dancing? Do you want to dance like you see in the films and on the stage? Do you want to feel the rhythm of the music in your body and in your soul? Do you want to meet other people who have a love for the same music as you? If you have answered "Yes" to any of these questions, join our Latin dance classes on Thursday night between seven and ten. All are welcome.

1. For adventurous skiers

2. Especially good in autumn

3. For the rich and lazy

4. Not just for gamblers

5. Like an island in heaven

6. Film-makers like it

7. Looking down from up there

8. Probably the best one of five

A. If you go to the Insular Mountain Range of Vancouver Island and face the open Pacific Ocean, be ready to experience the magnificent natural and cultural heritage ot Canada's west coast. If you decide to go deeper into the island, you will find a lush coastal rainforest that gives way to bountiful and diverse intertidal and subtidal areas. And to top it all off, there are breathtaking beaches that make this an island paradise.

B. The resort town of Whistler is about a two-hour drive from Vancouver. Whistler offers visitors fine food and spas, but mostly it is popular among tourists for the opportunities it offers for adventure. Whistler and Blackcomb Mountains make Whistler one of the best destinations in the world for first-class skiing. The passage between the two mountains creates a unique terrain one mile above the village, providing a year-round skiable territory.

C. A prized national treasure, Banff National Park is one of five national parks in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. It attracts millions of visitors each year for camping, hiking, biking, skiing, fishing or just relaxing. A full range of accommodation, restaurants and shops can be found in the resort. Two of the most famous and historic Canadian hotels, the Fairmont Banff Springs and the Chateau Lake Louise, are located in these towns as well.

D. Niagara Falls is maybe the most famous in the world, attracting millions of tourists each year. However, it has a certain reputation for being partly a small-scale Las Vegas and a theme park, because in addition to Niagara Falls the tourists can visit a casino resort with fine hotels and restaurants. Although this area is improving very quickly and everyone can easily find what they like, the Niagara region as a whole is worth deeper exploration.

E. Tourists are naturally drawn to tall buildings where they can get a bird’s eye view of a city. The CN tower, located in downtown Toronto, is the tallest free standing structure in the world. Unfortunately, elevated observation usually comes at an equally elevated price, and the CN Tower is no different. However, tourists love it and the glass elevator takes them to the glass-floored outdoor observation deck which is a real thrill for both kids and grownups.

F. The 300 km long Cabot Trail is famous for its panorama views of the Atlantic Ocean. The trail is especially popular in the fall when the views are the most spectacular. Even though the drive into this area usually takes a few hours, once there, tourists can spend a day or two stopping in at one or two of the towns along the trail, relaxing and enjoying the magnificent nature all around.

G. By. North American standards, Vancouver is a young city. But- what it lacks in history it compensates for with its unique blend of urban and natural features. Thanks to its high- fashion boutiques, it has earned the nickname “North Hollywood.” Vancouver’s breathtaking views are often chosen as the setting for popular television shows and major motion pictures. Often tourists are surprised to recognize landmarks from their favorite films and shows.

1. Former owners are found

2. Sources of historical date

3. Pay attention to the design

4. Searching public information

5. A copy of your property’s abstract

6. Identifying styles and materials

7. Looking for old things

8. Exploring painted walls

A. Researching the history of your house is not only an exciting trip into the past, but it can tell you how the house was built and give you clues as to how it should be maintained. You can research the history of your house by examining the house itself, looking at government records, and reading through historical archives. Go to your local library or research on-line to find out the design style of your house and when that style was popular in your area.

B. If your house has a mansard roof, for example, it was likely built in the late 19th century. However, keep in mind that certain styles and housing designs were still being built in areas that are more provincial long after they had fallen out of favor in urban centres, so the location of your house will be important in identifying the era in which it was built. Look closely both inside and outside your house, and try to identify building materials used.

C. Cabinetry and design styles go in and out of fashion through the years, and these details tell you something about its history. The types of nails and molding used can provide some important clues as to when your house was built. You can review design books or look on-line to find other instances of original molding or cabinetry to help date your house. Even if these elements are not original, dating them can provide clues as to when that particular room was remodeled.

D. The walls of an older house may have 10 or more layers of paint. A professional can help you to analyze the age of the lower layers of paint. The colours used also can provide clues, since different interior colours go in and out of fashion through the years. The composition of the paint also can be analyzed to link it to a particular era, since paint has been made using different chemical compounds over the years.

E. You typically can uncover the names of previous owners by looking through the deed history of your house. Once you have a name, you can track them down on the internet for free, or through a commercial people-locator service. The best way to contact a previous owner typically is by sending a letter. Explain who you are and why you want to contact them. Provide them a means to contact you back if they are willing to talk.

F. You may need to make a trip to your local historical society. Moreover, a metal detector can be a great way to uncover old coins and other artifacts that may add their own unique story to your house and help you to learn more about the house’s history and its previous owners. Take care digging up artifacts in your yard. You may want to contact an archaeologist or local historian if you believe you have found something of possible historic significance.

G. The government office that issues building permits should have public records pertaining to your house. The building permit can contain a treasure trove of information including the house’s original dimensions, construction dates and costs, and the names of the people originally involved in its construction. Keep in mind that you typically must pay a small fee to acquire these documents. If your house is hundreds of years old, you may need to visit the local historical society to find the building permit.

1. Reasons to be afraid

2. Fight your fear

3. A place of wonders

4. How to say thank you

5. Visiting for wild life and animals

6. Learn to be grateful

7. It’s never late to learn

8. Reading non-verbal language

A. Nowadays when it’s all too easy to send an email or text, the best way to show that you are grateful to somebody is to actually mail a hand-written card. The person who gets it will know you took the extra time and thought to write a card and put it in the mail with a nice stamp. That person will appreciate your efforts much more. Plus, you’ll get the added bonus of feeling grateful a little longer than usual as you write out each note and wait for it to arrive.

B. Music is a noble passion, and people who can play a musical instrument have always been seen as intelligent people. Learning how to play a musical instrument is far more efficient if you do it in childhood. However, there are millions of adults who learn to enjoy music throughout their lives. Moreover, they don’t focus on just one instrument, but specialize in two or even more, if they have the time and the necessary ambition.

C. Millions of people avoid air travel each year because of their fear of flying. The fear of accidents happening is probably the most common fear among air travellers. It is an understandable fear, since there have been many aviation accidents throughout history. Some people may have a fear that the plane has some type of malfunction or breakdown, while others may have a fear that the weather or turbulance will affect the plane.

D. Try to understand that being scared is just an illusion that makes you limited and miserable. Take control of your mind and don’t let your imagination create frightening pictures in your head. If you cannot deal with it, you should make attempts to leave your comfort zone. Choose things and activities you are afraid of and meet your worries face to face, because it is impossible to run away from them. Just face your troubles no matter how powerful they may seem.

E. When you get chronically bored with something, your mind gets used to seeing the world negatively. It is necessary to break the chain of negative thoughts and train your mind to notice the best. Just write down 5 things you are thankful for. This way, your mind will change for the better in a while. The thankfulness will open your eyes to the beauty of the world around you and will help you to focus on positive moments in your life.

F. If you go to Ireland, go to isolated distant places in the country, talk to the locals and they will tell you the stories about the mythical Irish place, called the Otherworld. They believe that it is the land of paradise and happiness. In Irish poetry and tales, it is described as a series of islands near Ireland where the various fairytale creatures lived. Also the Otherworld seemed to be able to move from one location to another.

G. Many people can understand the nature of character without talking to the person they are interested in. The gestures and postures usually reflect the mood and the level of the person’s confidence. It’s easy to notice a highly confident person even in a big group of people. They stand in one place without constant moving from place to place, and they always make eye contact with the person they are talking to.

1. Hidden threat

2. Physiological peculiarities

3. Proper care and upbringing

4. A clever guide

5. Internal and individual bonds

6. Unexpected help

7. Good doctors

8. Long history of friendship

A. Hardy Jones was filming dolphins near the Bahamas when a shark suddenly appeared. The shark was moving straight towards Jones, preparing to attack. Jones put his camera in front of him for protection. Then something remarkable happened. Two young dolphins swam quickly past his left shoulder towards the shark. Then two more young dolphins joined them and they all began attacking the shark. They worked as a team and finally, the shark gave up and swam away.

B. In ancient times, there were many amazing stories about dolphins coming to the rescue of sailors at the sea. In ancient Greece, sailors considered it to be a very good omen when dolphins appeared alongside their ships. Until recently, there have not been many scientifically proven cases of dolphins’ altruism and helping humans. But we now know that Jones’s experience is certainly not an isolated example.

C. Once in New Zealand the lifeguards were swimming as a part of a training exercise when a group of dolphins appeared. At first, the lifeguards were pleased to see them. But then they became puzzled as the dolphins surrounded them, forming a circle. The lifeguards felt threatened: they were trapped, unable to swim back to shore. One of the lifeguards managed to swim away. But almost immediately, he saw the great white shark.

D. Scientists are not completely sure why dolphins often protect other species. Certainly, this kind of behaviour shows that dolphins have great powers of empathy, which is a sign of imagination and intelligence. Dolphins have large brains and complex nervous systems. They are capable of learning complex tasks. They have an understanding of their own identity (they recognize themselves in a mirror) and the individual identity of other dolphins.

E. Dolphins live in groups, known as pods. These groups vary in size, depending on the species. Some are quite small, consisting of about 5 individuals. Other groups may consist of a few hundred individuals. As social animals, dolphins have developed the ability to help one another and to care for family and ‘friends’. Several generations of females in the same family often swim together. Male dolphins don’t stay with their mothers but they also form social groups.

F. Mother dolphins show particular care for their calves (baby dolphins). Scientists have observed how they sometimes bite their new-born calves to stimulate them to breathe. Mother dolphins also try to teach their calves to avoid danger. For example, scientists recently saw a mother dolphin near the coast of Scotland throw her young calf into the air. They believe that the mother was ’punishing’ the baby for having swum too far away from her.

G. Dolphins not only care for one another, they also help other sea creatures. In New Zealand two whales, a mother and a calf, were stuck on a beach at low tide. When the tide came in, the whales seemed lost and couldn’t find their way to deep water. Then a dolphin appeared. This dolphin was a frequent visitor to the bay. Local people had given the dolphin the name Moko. At high tide, Moko swam towards the whales and showed them how to get out to deep water.

1. Thoughtless behaviour

2. Benefits of private business

3. Too complicated to use

4. Bad for business

5. Science brings hope

6. Road incident

7. More parking places

8. Personal choice

A. City centre parking is expensive and many important roads are now closed to private transport. This would be fine — if public transport was cheap and convenient, but it is neither. The result is that people are avoiding the city centre so restaurants, cinemas and shops are closing.

B. The motorcyclist drew along side and I heard abusive language as he banged on the car roof. I immediately locked the car doors and tried to work out what was wrong. He then shouted that I had almost collided with him. Truth to tell — I didn't see him until now. I tried to apologize but he wouldn't listen.

C. They now have cars that run on electricity, solar power and even on vegetable oil. New petrol engines are super efficient and make less harmful emissions. More people are working from home because of advances in communication technology and computer security. At last we have some grounds for optimism.

D. As she approached the traffic lights the driver in front of her tipped out a mess of fast food boxes, polystyrene cups and chip bags. She pressed her horn angrily. "Why don't people consider what they do", she wondered helplessly. "Someone will have to clear this up and we all have to pay for it."

E. Sarah has worked for herself more than 10 years now. It had been risky but now her interior decoration business is a success. She loves being her own boss. It constantly amazes her that her friends in big corporations believe they have job security. How can they think this way when these companies are constantly firing people to make bigger profits?

F. It was not easy deciding. It never is when buying a new car. Reliability and comfort are big issues as are fuel economy, maintenance and so forth. A car has to feel right as well. Price and value for money are also critical. But in the end Ralph made his decision confident that it was just the right one for him.

G. Jane studied the small print. To make a successful insurance claim for her accident she needed so much information. Several complicated forms took hours to complete. She then needed three independent quotations, a witness statement, and a police statement and after everything she still had to pay the first $500 anyway.

1. Cabin baggage allowances

2. The most difficult decision

3. Taking your pet abroad

4. Cabin air quality

5. Bus safety initiatives

6. Group travel

7. Public transport service

8. Medical assistance in flight

A. You must meet the entry requirements for your pet dog, cat or ferret for the country you’re going to or coming from. You’re responsible for any fees or charges for your pet if you don’t meet the entry requirements. When you enter or return to the UK from another country your pet needs to meet the entry requirements. These include a microchip, a rabies vaccination, a pet passport or third country official veterinary certificate, a tapeworm treatment.

B. The rate of air change in the aircraft cabin has been shown to be better than office buildings and trains and is comparable to that seen in hospital operating theatres. Fresh air is constantly added to recycled air through very fine filters to remove 99.997% of all dust, viruses, fungi and bacteria. However, the air in the cabin has low humidity levels, which can cause mild drying of the skin, nose, throat, and eyes.

C. The cabin crew are trained in first aid in case of onboard medical emergencies. Our aircraft are equipped with comprehensive medical kits and defibrillators for use by the cabin crew. Some flights have the latest telemetry equipment so that ground based medical staff can assess the patients whilst they are still in the air. Passengers are responsible for the cost of any medical care they may require on the ground. Therefore, comprehensive travel insurance is strongly recommended.

D. The amount of cabin baggage you may bring depends on which service class you are flying. Business Class customers are permitted two pieces of carry-on baggage: one briefcase plus either one handbag. Economy Class customers are permitted one piece of carry-on baggage, either a handbag or a laptop bag. Duty free purchases are also permitted in reasonable quantities. However, liquid restrictions through in many airports may prevent these items from getting security screening points.

E. Planning a trip for ten people or more is often challenging, but the Travel Service can help to simplify the process. Where available, we can take extra care of your group with exclusive check-in desks just for your group and group label luggage tags, for easy identification on arrival. During your flight, your group can enjoy benefits such as sitting together as a group, onboard welcome announcements for your group and meals to meet special dietary requirements.

F. When people ask us what the hardest part of cycling around the world was, it seems they expect us to tell a story about some great hardship suffered underway. Troubles with people. Getting lost. Poor food. But our answer is simply this: the hardest part was making the decision to go. Getting out the door — actually making the decision to go cycling for a weekend — is difficult when you’re also trying to balance the demands of kids, full-time jobs, a full social calendar and so on.

G. Bus lanes are being introduced on key routes across Melbourne to improve service reliability and travel times. Giving buses dedicated road space helps them to avoid delays along their route and also gives people better public transport access to community services and better connections to the train and tram network. The Rural School Bus Safety Program is delivering safer, more comfortable and more convenient bus interchanges for primary and secondary school students in regional Victoria.